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Evaluating Sources and Identifying Fake News

This guide provides information, tools and tips on identifying and avoiding misinformation, disinformation and propaganda. Learn how to SIFT, learn about CRAAP, and do the Wiki!

SIFT

SIFT is an easy four-step process that will help you determine if a source is trustworthy or not. Most of the information regarding the SIFT method is originated by Mike Caulfield, who is currently the Director of Blended and Networked Learning at Washington State University, Vancouver.  

S STOP: Before you share or use a source, ask yourself : "Am I familiar with this source? Does it have a good reputation? Do I know this claim is factual? If not, go on to the next steps. Also, think about your purpose. Is this for a research paper or just for entertainment? The purpose will determine how thoroughly you should evaluate the source.

I INVESTIGATE the source: Is the author an expert on the subject? What is their motivation? Are they trying to sway my opinion, sell me something or just present facts?

F FIND trusted coverage: Sometimes you're just interested in the claim, not the author. What do trusted sources say about the claim, what's the general consensus? Do a search to find the most trusted source on this topic.

T TRACE claims, quotes, and media back to the original context: So much online has been stripped of context. Sometimes a video may depict something entirely different from what's claimed, important parts are edited out, or the video is manipulated in some way. You can use Google and Google Reverse Image Search to help find the original context.

Modified from Mike Caulfield's SIFT (Four Moves), which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Move ONE -STOP

Pause or STOP - then ask yourself if you recognize the information source and if you know anything about the website or the claim's reputation.

Before you share the video, stop!

Before you act on a strong emotional response to a headline, stop!

Ask yourself: Do I know this website? Do I know this information source? Do I know it's reputation?

Watch this 3 min Introductory video on Online Verification Skills by Mike Caufield.

Move THREE-FIND the original source

If your original source is questionable, FIND a better source to determine accuracy of claim.

Move TWO: INVESTIGATE the Source and The Wikipedia Test

Do the Wiki!

Out of his 4 Moves to quickly determine if a source is trustworthy of not, the Wikipedia Test, or as I like to say, "Do the Wiki! , is a quick test that is remarkably accurate. Watch the short 2 1/2 min video to learn how to  to investigate a news organization or other resource.

More on Wikipedia on the Wikipedia page on this Guide.

Move FOUR- TRACE Claims, Quotes and Media back to the original context

TRACE Claims, Quotes and Media to the Original Context : Go back to the source to determine where this information originated.  Returning to the first source gives you more information about what was said. Remember, you can return to the Investigate move when you find the original source.

  1. Examine the original sources re-reported in blogs, articles, social media, and more
    • Link to the original material to see what the authors said, what the statistics showed, how they characterized their results, etc.   
  2. Beware of the sourceless story
    • Be very skeptical of secondary sources that don't cite or link to their original sources.
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